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  2. Convergence insufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_insufficiency

    Convergence disorder. Specialty. Ophthalmology, optometry. Convergence insufficiency is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by a reduced ability of the eyes to turn towards each other, or sustain convergence .

  3. Exotropia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotropia

    A common form of exotropia is known as "convergence insufficiency" that responds well to orthoptic vision therapy including exercises. This disorder is characterized by an inability of the eyes to work together when used for near viewing, such as reading.

  4. Exophoria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophoria

    Convergence insufficiency – near exodeviation greater than distance deviation. These can be due to nerve , muscle , or congenital problems, or due to mechanical anomalies. Unlike exotropia , fusion is possible in this condition, causing diplopia to be uncommon.

  5. Accommodative insufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodative_insufficiency

    Convergence insufficiency. Accommodative insufficiency ( AI) involves the inability of the eye to focus properly on an object. Accommodation is the adjustment of the curvature of the lens to focus on objects near and far.

  6. Spasm of accommodation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasm_of_accommodation

    A spasm of accommodation (also known as a ciliary spasm, an accommodation, or accommodative spasm) is a condition in which the ciliary muscle of the eye remains in a constant state of contraction. Normal accommodation allows the eye to "accommodate" for near-vision. However, in a state of perpetual contraction, the ciliary muscle cannot relax ...

  7. Esophoria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophoria

    Cause. Causes include: Refractive errors. Divergence insufficiency. Convergence excess; this can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies. [1] Unlike esotropia, fusion is possible and therefore diplopia is uncommon.

  8. Heterophoria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophoria

    Heterophoria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position, when not performing binocular fusion, are not the same as each other, or, "not straight". This condition can be esophoria, where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion; exophoria, in which they diverge; or hyperphoria, in which ...

  9. Congenital fourth nerve palsy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_fourth_nerve_palsy

    Specialty. Neurology. Congenital fourth nerve palsy is a condition present at birth characterized by a vertical misalignment of the eyes due to a weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle. Other names for fourth nerve palsy include superior oblique palsy and trochlear nerve palsy. [1] When looking to the right/left the nerve/muscle ...

  10. Category:Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Disorders_of...

    This category reflects the organization of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision. Generally, diseases outlined within the ICD-10 codes H49-H52 within Chapter VII: Diseases of the eye, adnexa should be included in this category.

  11. Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraretinal_Microvascular...

    Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) are abnormalities of the blood vessels that supply the retina of the eye, a sign of diabetic retinopathy. [1] IRMA can be difficult to distinguish from and is likely a precursor to retinal neovascularization.