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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia represents approximately 20% of adults and 80% of childhood leukemias, making it the most common childhood cancer. Although 80 to 90% of children will have a long term complete response with treatment, [45] : 1527 it remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among children.
Childhood leukemia is the most common childhood cancer, accounting for 29% of cancers in children aged 0–14 in 2018. There are multiple forms of leukemia that occur in children, the most common being acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) followed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML). [2]
Most cases of leukemia increase with age, with ALL being the main exception, which peaks in children aged 2 to 5 years. T-ALL is seen to be most prevalent in the adult population, but amongst cases in the pediatric population, it is seen to have a median onset of age 9 and is most prominent to adolescents.
Biphenotypic acute leukaemia (BAL) is an uncommon type of leukemia which arises in multipotent progenitor cells which have the ability to differentiate into both myeloid and lymphoid lineages. It is a subtype of "leukemia of ambiguous lineage". The direct reasons leading to BAL are still not clear.
15% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 90% of lymphoblastic lymphoma. [31] : 635 Lymphoblasts with irregular nuclear contours, condensed chromatin, small nucleoli and scant cytoplasm without granules
In children under 15 in first-world countries, the five-year survival rate is greater than 60% or even 90%, depending on the type of leukemia. In children with acute leukemia who are cancer-free after five years, the cancer is unlikely to return. In 2015, leukemia was present in 2.3 million people worldwide and caused 353,500 deaths.
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