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Intersex medical interventions (IMI), sometimes known as intersex genital mutilations (IGM), [1] are surgical, hormonal and other medical interventions performed to modify atypical or ambiguous genitalia and other sex characteristics, primarily for the purposes of making a person's appearance more typical and to reduce the likelihood of future problems.
However, it has been argued that SARMs are not ideal for use in androgen replacement therapy and could not replace testosterone in this context as they do not reproduce testosterone's full spectrum of effects, including androgenic potentiation via 5α-reduction and aromatization into estrogen.
Common side effects of testosterone include acne, swelling, and breast enlargement in men. [9] Serious side effects may include liver toxicity, heart disease, and behavioral changes. [9] Women and children who are exposed may develop masculinization. [9] It is recommended that individuals with prostate cancer should not use the medication. [9]
Increased conversion of testosterone to estrogen by increased aromatase activity, [7] increased levels of SHBG and increased production of testosterone and estradiol by the testes due to elevated levels of LH cause the gynecomastia. Proper treatment of the hyperthyroidism can lead to the resolution of the gynecomastia. [26]
Anabolic steroid use and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been found to cause testicular atrophy through similar mechanisms. [2] [1] [17] Anabolic steroids and TRT are both used (either by prescription or illicitly) to mimic the effects of testosterone produced by the body, such as building muscle and maintaining sex drive.
Mesterolone, sold under the brand name Proviron among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used mainly in the treatment of low testosterone levels. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It has also been used to treat male infertility , although this use is controversial.
Puberty blockers (also called puberty inhibitors or hormone blockers) are medicines used to postpone puberty in children. The most commonly used puberty blockers are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, which suppress the natural production of sex hormones, such as androgens (e.g. testosterone) and estrogens (e.g. estradiol).
Pattern hair loss (also known as androgenetic alopecia (AGA) [1]) is a hair loss condition that primarily affects the top and front of the scalp. [2] [3] In male-pattern hair loss (MPHL), the hair loss typically presents itself as either a receding front hairline, loss of hair on the crown and vertex of the scalp, or a combination of both.