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2. Prism fusion range - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_fusion_range

   From left to right: an accommodative fixation stick, a vertical prism bar, and a horizontal prism bar. The PFR involves placing a prism bar in front of an eye. In a patient with BSV, a natural shift of the eye occurs. When measuring horizontal fusion ranges, base in prisms assess fusional divergence while base out prisms assess fusional ...

3. Prism cover test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_Cover_Test

   The prism cover test ( PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]

4. Maddox rod - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddox_rod

   Maddox rod. The Maddox rod test can be used to subjectively detect and measure a latent, manifest, horizontal or vertical strabismus for near and distance. The test is based on the principle of diplopic projection. [1]

5. Four prism dioptre reflex test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_prism_dioptre_reflex_test

   assess alignment of both eyes. The Four Prism Dioptre Reflex Test (also known as the 4 PRT, or 4 Prism Dioptre Base-out Test) is an objective, non-dissociative test used to prove the alignment of both eyes (i.e. the presence of binocular single vision) by assessing motor fusion. [1] Through the use of a 4 dioptre base out prism, diplopia is ...

6. List of second moments of area - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_second_moments_of_area

   A filled semicircle with radius r with respect to a horizontal line passing through the centroid of the area I x = ( π 8 − 8 9 π ) r 4 ≈ 0.1098 r 4 I y = π r 4 8 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I_{x}&=\left({\frac {\pi }{8}}-{\frac {8}{9\pi }}\right)r^{4}\approx 0.1098r^{4}\\[3pt]I_{y}&={\frac {\pi r^{4}}{8}}\end{aligned}}} [2]

7. Level (optical instrument) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(optical_instrument)

   A level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane in a process known as levelling. It is used in conjunction with a levelling staff to establish the relative height or levels (the vertical separation ) of objects or marks.