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Chromatic aberration. In optics, chromatic aberration ( CA ), also called chromatic distortion and spherochromatism, is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same point. [1] It is caused by dispersion: the refractive index of the lens elements varies with the wavelength of light.
Ray transfer matrix analysis (also known as ABCD matrix analysis) is a mathematical form for performing ray tracing calculations in sufficiently simple problems which can be solved considering only paraxial rays. Each optical element (surface, interface, mirror, or beam travel) is described by a 2×2 ray transfer matrix which operates on a ...
These deviations from the idealized lens performance are called aberrations of the lens. Aberrations fall into two classes: monochromatic and chromatic. Monochromatic aberrations are caused by the geometry of the lens or mirror and occur both when light is reflected and when it is refracted.
Due to Snell's law, the numerical aperture remains the same: NA = n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2. In optics, the numerical aperture ( NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light.
A Luneburg lens (original German Lüneburg lens) is a spherically symmetric gradient-index lens. A typical Luneburg lens's refractive index n decreases radially from the center to the outer surface. They can be made for use with electromagnetic radiation from visible light to radio waves .
Spherical aberration can be eliminated by making lenses with an aspheric surface. Descartes showed that lenses whose surfaces are well-chosen Cartesian ovals (revolved around the central symmetry axis) can perfectly image light from a point on the axis or from infinity in the direction of the axis. Such a design yields completely aberration ...
The focal point F and focal length f of a positive (convex) lens, a negative (concave) lens, a concave mirror, and a convex mirror. The focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges light ; it is the inverse of the system's optical power .
In physics, ray tracing is a method for calculating the path of waves or particles through a system with regions of varying propagation velocity, absorption characteristics, and reflecting surfaces.
The dispersion of light by glass prisms is used to construct spectrometers and spectroradiometers. However, in lenses, dispersion causes chromatic aberration, an undesired effect that may degrade images in microscopes, telescopes, and photographic objectives.
It can be shown that if two such lenses of radii and are placed close together, the focal lengths can be added up giving the thin lens formula: 1 f = ( n − 1 ) ( 1 R 1 − 1 R 2 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{f}}=\left(n-1\right)\left({\frac {1}{R_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{R_{2}}}\right)}