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  2. Prism correction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_correction

    Prism correction is measured in prism dioptres. A prescription that specifies prism correction will also specify the "base". The base is the thickest part of the lens and is opposite from the apex. Light will be bent towards the base and the image will be shifted towards the apex.

  3. Gibbs paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_paradox

    Gibbs paradox. In statistical mechanics, a semi-classical derivation of entropy that does not take into account the indistinguishability of particles yields an expression for entropy which is not extensive (is not proportional to the amount of substance in question).

  4. Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_theory...

    In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system in terms of a simpler one. The idea is to start with a simple system for which a mathematical solution is known, and add an additional "perturbing" Hamiltonian representing a weak ...

  5. Two-body problem in general relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-body_problem_in...

    The two-body problem in general relativity (or relativistic two-body problem) is the determination of the motion and gravitational field of two bodies as described by the field equations of general relativity. Solving the Kepler problem is essential to calculate the bending of light by gravity and the motion of a planet orbiting its sun.

  6. Schrödinger equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrödinger_equation

    The Schrödinger equation gives the evolution over time of a wave function, the quantum-mechanical characterization of an isolated physical system. The equation was postulated by Schrödinger based on a postulate of Louis de Broglie that all matter has an associated matter wave.

  7. Fine structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_structure

    In atomic physics, the fine structure describes the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms due to electron spin and relativistic corrections to the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation.

  8. Dispersion relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_relation

    In a prism, dispersion causes different colors to refract at different angles, splitting white light into a rainbow of colors. In the physical sciences and electrical engineering, dispersion relations describe the effect of dispersion on the properties of waves in a medium.

  9. Stratonovich integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratonovich_integral

    Although the Itô integral is the usual choice in applied mathematics, the Stratonovich integral is frequently used in physics. In some circumstances, integrals in the Stratonovich definition are easier to manipulate.

  10. Ray transfer matrix analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_transfer_matrix_analysis

    Ray transfer matrix analysis (also known as ABCD matrix analysis) is a mathematical form for performing ray tracing calculations in sufficiently simple problems which can be solved considering only paraxial rays. Each optical element (surface, interface, mirror, or beam travel) is described by a 2×2 ray transfer matrix which operates on a ...

  11. Achromatic lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achromatic_lens

    In an achromatic lens, two wavelengths are brought into the same focus, here red and blue. An achromatic lens or achromat is a lens that is designed to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration. Achromatic lenses are corrected to bring two wavelengths (typically red and blue) into focus on the same plane.