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Polarized sunglasses block the s polarization, greatly reducing glare from horizontal surfaces. The Fresnel equations (or Fresnel coefficients) describe the reflection and transmission of light (or electromagnetic radiation in general) when incident on an interface between different optical media.
A Fresnel lens ( / ˈfreɪnɛl, - nəl / FRAY-nel, -nəl; / ˈfrɛnɛl, - əl / FREN-el, -əl; or / freɪˈnɛl / fray-NEL [1]) is a type of composite compact lens which reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections.
A Fresnel rhomb is an optical prism that introduces a 90° phase difference between two perpendicular components of polarization, by means of two total internal reflections. If the incident beam is linearly polarized at 45° to the plane of incidence and reflection, the emerging beam is circularly polarized , and vice versa.
Fresnel number. In optics, in particular scalar diffraction theory, the Fresnel number ( F ), named after the physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is a dimensionless number relating to the pattern a beam of light forms on a surface when projected through an aperture .
Refractive index. In optics, the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless number that gives the indication of the light bending ability of that medium. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or refracted, when entering a material.
The Fresnel integrals S(x) and C(x) are two transcendental functions named after Augustin-Jean Fresnel that are used in optics and are closely related to the error function (erf). They arise in the description of near-field Fresnel diffraction phenomena and are defined through the following integral representations:
The cosine values may be saved and used in the Fresnel equations for working out the intensity of the resulting rays. Total internal reflection is indicated by a negative radicand in the equation for , which can only happen for rays crossing into a less-dense medium (<).
Ray transfer matrix analysis (also known as ABCD matrix analysis) is a mathematical form for performing ray tracing calculations in sufficiently simple problems which can be solved considering only paraxial rays. Each optical element (surface, interface, mirror, or beam travel) is described by a 2×2 ray transfer matrix which operates on a ...
The Fresnel rhombs is one such alternative. Any linear phase retarder with its fast axis defined as the x- or y-axis has zero off-diagonal terms and thus can be conveniently expressed as ( e i ϕ x 0 0 e i ϕ y ) {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}{\rm {e}}^{i\phi _{x}}&0\\0&{\rm {e}}^{i\phi _{y}}\end{pmatrix}}}
Specular reflection from a body of water is calculated by the Fresnel equations. Fresnel reflection is directional and therefore does not contribute significantly to albedo which primarily diffuses reflection. A real water surface may be wavy.