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Its prism has 2n vertices, 3n edges, and 2 + n faces. Take a polyhedron with V vertices, E edges, and F faces. Its prism has 2V vertices, 2E + V edges, 2F + E faces, and 2 + F cells. Take a polychoron with V vertices, E edges, F faces, and C cells. Its prism has 2V vertices, 2E + V edges, 2F + E faces, 2C + F cells, and 2 + C hypercells ...
The Sénarmont prism is air spaced, unlike the Wollaston and Rochon prisms. These prisms truly split the beam into two fully polarized beams with perpendicular polarizations. The Nomarski prism is a variant of the Wollaston prism, which is widely used in differential interference contrast microscopy. Thin film polarizers
The Fresnel equations (or Fresnel coefficients) describe the reflection and transmission of light (or electromagnetic radiation in general) when incident on an interface between different optical media.
Two point masses, m1 and m2, with reduced mass μ and separated by a distance x, about an axis passing through the center of mass of the system and perpendicular to the line joining the two particles. I = m 1 m 2 m 1 + m 2 x 2 = μ x 2 {\displaystyle I= {\frac {m_ {1}m_ {2}} {m_ {1}\!+\!m_ {2}}}x^ {2}=\mu x^ {2}}
Algebraically eliminating the square root gives a quartic equation, ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + R 2 − r 2 ) 2 = 4 R 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) . {\displaystyle \left(x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+R^{2}-r^{2}\right)^{2}=4R^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right).}
Standard equation The general ellipsoid, also known as triaxial ellipsoid, is a quadratic surface which is defined in Cartesian coordinates as: x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z 2 c 2 = 1 , {\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1,}
When the principal axes of a quadric are aligned with the reference frame (always possible for a quadric), a general equation of the quadric in three dimensions is given by f ( x , y , z ) = A x 2 + B y 2 + C z 2 + D x + E y + G z + H = 0 , {\displaystyle f(x,y,z)=Ax^{2}+By^{2}+Cz^{2}+Dx+Ey+Gz+H=0,}
Multiple prism beam expander using r prisms ( M B 0 1 M ) {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}M&B\\0&{\frac {1}{M}}\end{pmatrix}}} M is the total beam magnification given by M = k 1 k 2 k 3 ⋯ k r {\displaystyle M=k_{1}k_{2}k_{3}\cdots k_{r}} , where k is defined in the previous entry and B is the total optical propagation distance [ clarification ...
An optical vortex (also known as a photonic quantum vortex, screw dislocation or phase singularity) is a zero of an optical field; a point of zero intensity. The term is also used to describe a beam of light that has such a zero in it. The study of these phenomena is known as singular optics .
Vertical exaggeration (VE) is a scale that is used in raised-relief maps, plans and technical drawings (cross section perspectives), in order to emphasize vertical features, which might be too small to identify relative to the horizontal scale. Scaling Factor. The vertical exaggeration is given by: