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In all, about 164,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies between 1788 and 1868 onboard 806 ships. Convicts were made up of English and Welsh (70%), Irish (24%), Scottish (5%), and the remaining 1% from the British outposts in India and Canada, Maoris from New Zealand, Chinese from Hong Kong, and slaves from the Caribbean.
Clipper route. The clipper route, followed by ships sailing between Europe and Australia or New Zealand. In the Age of Sail, the Brouwer Route reduced the time of a voyage from The Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies from almost 12 months to about six months. The clipper route was derived from the Brouwer Route and was sailed by clipper ships ...
The Founders of Australia: a Biographical Dictionary of the First Fleet. Sydney: Library of Australian History. ISBN 978-0908120697. Hill, David (2008). 1788: the brutal truth of the First Fleet: the biggest single migration the world had ever seen. North Sydney: Heinemann. ISBN 9781741667974. Lewis, Wendy; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John (2011).
Gilburri (1814–1902), Irish Fenian, transported to New South Wales in 1838 for desertion. Thomas McCarthy Fennell (1841–1914), Irish Fenian, transported to Western Australia in 1868 for treason. William Field (1774–1837), English businessman, transported to New for receiving stolen goods.
The maritime European exploration of Australia consisted of several waves of European seafarers who sailed the edges of the Australian continent. Dutch navigators were the first Europeans known to have explored and mapped the Australian coastline. The first documented encounter was that of Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, in 1606.
South Australia was founded as a "free province"—it was never a penal colony. Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts. A campaign by the settlers of New South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived in 1848.
The original Ocean Chief was built in the United States at Thomaston, Maine, by Joshua C. Morton (born 1789) and his son Charles, one of two clippers that they built. [2] Completed in 1853, she was a fast and consistent sailer and made an average passage of 74 days. The Black Ball Line (founded 1852 – ceased 1871) owners James Baines & Thomas ...
Marco Polo was a three- masted wooden clipper ship, launched in 1851 at Saint John, New Brunswick. She was named after Venetian traveler Marco Polo. The ship carried emigrants and passengers to Australia and was the first vessel to make the round trip from Liverpool in under six months.