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Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly in the following decade, as protests against the convict system intensified throughout the colonies. In 1868, almost two decades after transportation to the eastern colonies had ceased, the last convict ship arrived in Western Australia.
Penal transportation to Australia began with the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 and ended in 1868. Overall, approximately 165,000 convicts were transported to Australia.
The great circle route from the Cape of Good Hope to Australia, curving down to 60 degrees south, is 1,000 miles (1,600 km) shorter, and would also offer the strongest winds. Ship masters would therefore go as far south as they dared, weighing the risk of ice against a fast passage.
The Australian government arranged for assisted passage to Australia on chartered ships and aircraft. The migrants were called Ten Pound Poms due to the charge of £10 in processing fees to migrate to Australia.
The Dutch, following shipping routes to the Dutch East Indies to trade in spices, china and silk, proceeded to contribute a great deal to Europe's knowledge of Australia's coast. In 1616, Dirk Hartog , sailing off course, en route from the Cape of Good Hope to Batavia, landed on an island off Shark Bay, West Australia. [7]
Convict ship. Neptune, a convict ship that brought prisoners to Australia. A convict ship was any ship engaged on a voyage to carry convicted felons under sentence of penal transportation from their place of conviction to their place of exile .
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