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Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria. Cause. Causes include: Refractive errors; Divergence insufficiency; Convergence excess; this can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies.
The standard definition of convergence insufficiency is exophoria greater at near than at distance, a receded near point of convergence, and reduced convergence amplitudes at near. [4] See also [ edit ]
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling ( Cardiac EC coupling) describes the series of events, from the production of an electrical impulse (action potential) to the contraction of muscles in the heart. [1] This process is of vital importance as it allows for the heart to beat in a controlled manner, without the need for conscious input.
Efforts must first be made to identify and treat the underlying cause of the problem. Treatment options include eye exercises, wearing an eye patch on alternative eyes, prism correction, and in more extreme situations, surgery or botulinum toxin.
Where appropriate, prismatic correction can be used, either temporarily or permanently, to relieve symptoms of double vision. In specific cases, and primarily in adult patients, botulinum toxin can be used either as a permanent therapeutic approach, or as a temporary measure to prevent contracture of muscles prior to surgery
Yoked prism can move the image away from primary gaze without the need for a constant head tilt or turn. Prism correction is measured in prism dioptres. A prescription that specifies prism correction will also specify the "base". The base is the thickest part of the lens and is opposite from the apex.
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on.
The current international standard for human anatomical terminology is based on the Terminologia Anatomica (TA). It was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and was released in 1998. [6]
Far-sightedness primarily affects young children, with rates of 8% at 6 years old and 1% at 15 years old. [9] It then becomes more common again after the age of 40, known as presbyopia, affecting about half of people. [4] The best treatment option to correct hypermetropia due to aphakia is IOL implantation. [2]
In physiology, transduction is the translation of arriving stimulus into an action potential by a sensory receptor. It begins when stimulus changes the membrane potential of a receptor cell.