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o symptoms Zero symptoms ϕ Horizontal orthophoria θ Vertical orthophoria ⊕ Horizontal and vertical orthophoria OC's Optical centres Occ. Occupation OD oculus dexter (right eye) OH Ocular history OMB Oculo motor balance ONH Optic nerve head Oph Ophthalmoscopy OS oculus sinister (left eye) OU oculus uterque (both eyes) PD Pupillary distance
Base-out prism reading, stereogram cards, computerized training programs are used to improve fusional vergence. [23] The wearing of convex lenses. [24] The wearing of concave lenses. "Cawthorne Cooksey Exercises" also employ various eye exercises, however, these are designed to alleviate vestibular disorders, such as dizziness, rather than eye ...
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Diplopia is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizontally or vertically in relation to each other. [1] Also called double vision, it is a loss of visual focus under regular conditions, and is often voluntary.
The prevalence of Functional visual loss neuro-ophthalmology clinics is said to be 5-12%, and general ophthalmology clinics 1-5%. [2] [3] It is said that the total prevalence may be much more higher because patients may also consult their general practitioners, internal medicine physicians, psychiatrists or neurologists.
Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward. [1] During examination, when the eyes are dissociated, the visual axes will appear to diverge away from one another.
It can be used to establish whether a patient has the ability for the eyes to fuse the light that is received from each eye into 4 lights. The test is indicated with the use of a presence of a prism in individuals with a strabismus and fusion is considered present if 4 lights are maintained, with or without the use of a prism. The W4LT can also ...
The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]