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The most common and oldest applications of glass in optics are as lenses, windows, mirrors, and prisms. [56] The key optical properties refractive index, dispersion, and transmission, of glass are strongly dependent on chemical composition and, to a lesser degree, its thermal history. [56]
In mathematics, and more specifically in algebraic topology and polyhedral combinatorics, the Euler characteristic (or Euler number, or Euler–Poincaré characteristic) is a topological invariant, a number that describes a topological space's shape or structure regardless of the way it is bent.
A more accurate correction factor can be obtained using Knudsen correction. When using nitrogen gas for core plug measurements, the Klinkenberg correction is usually necessary due to the so-called Klinkenberg gas slippage effect. This takes place when the pore space approaches the mean free path of the gas
The Šidák correction is derived by assuming that the individual tests are independent. Let the significance threshold for each test be α 1 {\displaystyle \alpha _{1}} ; then the probability that at least one of the tests is significant under this threshold is (1 - the probability that none of them are significant).
Nicol prism at the Mineralogical Collection "Luigi Bombicci Museum" of the University of Bologna, in Bologna Schematic representation of the propagation of light in a Nicol prism showing the splitting of unpolarized light into ordinary and extraordinary polarized rays. A Nicol prism is a type of polarizer.
A blazed diffraction grating reflecting only the green portion of the spectrum from a room's fluorescent lighting. For a diffraction grating, the relationship between the grating spacing (i.e., the distance between adjacent grating grooves or slits), the angle of the wave (light) incidence to the grating, and the diffracted wave from the grating is known as the grating equation.
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended [1] [2] by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the Blue Book). [3]
Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons (in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions.