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Optic neuritis describes any condition that causes inflammation of the optic nerve; it may be associated with demyelinating diseases, or infectious or inflammatory processes.
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a particular disease within the NMOSD spectrum. It is characterised by optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive myelitis. In more than 80% of NMO cases, the cause is immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 ( anti-AQP4 ), the most abundant water channel protein in the central nervous system. [5] [1] [4]
Symptoms of optic neuritis in the affected eye include pain on eye movement, sudden loss of vision, and decrease in color vision (especially reds). Optic neuritis, when combined with the presence of multiple demyelinating white matter brain lesions on MRI, is suspicious for multiple sclerosis .
Its symptoms include loss of the brain's ability to control the movement of muscles, tremors, and cardiac arrhythmia. [3] Many cases of LHON plus have been compared to multiple sclerosis because of the lack of muscular control [4] and the presence of demyelinating lesions in the CNS.
Regarding optic neuritis as the most common presenting symptom, people with MS notice sub-acute loss of vision, often associated with pain worsening on eye movement, and reduced colour vision. Early diagnosis of MS associated optic neuritis helps timely initiation of MS targeted treatments.
Optic nerve hypoplasia ( ONH) is a medical condition arising from the underdevelopment of the optic nerve (s). This condition is the most common congenital optic nerve anomaly. The optic disc appears abnormally small, because not all the optic nerve axons have developed properly. [1]
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