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The prism cover test ( PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]
The primary use of Prentice's rule is that under certain circumstances, the prescribed prism can be obtained without grinding prism into the lenses, by decentering the lenses as worn by the patient.
Grade 4 anterior chamber angle. open angle between cornea and iris. AC 3/4. Grade 3 anterior chamber angle. AC 2/4. Grade 2 anterior chamber angle. AC 1/4. Grade 1 anterior chamber angle. AC 0/4.
Aberration of normal eyes. In normal population the dominant aberrations are the ordinary second-order spherocylindrical focus errors, which are called refractive errors. Higher order aberrations are a relatively small component, comprising about 10% of the eye's total aberrations. [3]
A duochrome test is a test commonly used to refine the final sphere in refraction (undercorrection and overcorrection), which makes use of the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye. Because of the chromatic aberration of the eye, the shorter wavelengths (green) are focused in front of the longer red wavelengths.
The entire process of Subjective Refraction involves the patient fixating at the Snellen Chart, whilst the clinician presents a variety of lenses and alters the power of the lenses in the trial frames according to the patient's subjective responses regarding improvements to their vision.
The examiner places the prism bar in front of one of the patient's eyes with the prism placed “base in” to assess the fusional divergence amplitude.
If an eye examination indicates that corrective lenses are appropriate, the prescriber generally provides the patient with an eyewear prescription at the conclusion of the exam.
Since the Howard-Dolman test described above is cumbersome, stereoacuity is usually measured using a stereogram in which separate panels are shown to each eye by superimposing them in a stereoscope using prisms or goggles with color or polarizing filters or alternating occlusion. [3]
The Prentice position is an orientation of a prism, used in optics, optometry and ophthalmology. [1] In this position, named after the optician Charles F. Prentice, the prism is oriented such that light enters it at an angle of 90° to the first surface, so that the beam does not refract at that surface.