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Correction of refractive errors by glasses; Prism therapy (if tolerated, to manage diplopia) Vision Therapy; Patching (mainly to manage amblyopia in children and diplopia in adults) Botulinum toxin injection; Surgical correction; Surgical correction of the hypertropia is desired to achieve binocularity, manage diplopia and/or correct the ...
Symptoms: Nonaligned eyes: Complications: Amblyopia, double vision: Types: Esotropia (eyes crossed); exotropia (eyes diverge); hypertropia (eyes vertically misaligned) Causes: Muscle dysfunction, farsightedness, problems in the brain, trauma, infections: Risk factors: Premature birth, cerebral palsy, family history: Diagnostic method
Specialty. Neurology. Congenital fourth nerve palsy is a condition present at birth characterized by a vertical misalignment of the eyes due to a weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle. Other names for fourth nerve palsy include superior oblique palsy and trochlear nerve palsy. [1] When looking to the right/left the nerve/muscle ...
Spina bifida in dogs is a congenital condition that occurs when a dog’s spine and spinal cord fail to develop properly during early gestation. This condition belongs to a group of disorders ...
Depending on the symptoms, the surgical correction of cyclotropia may involve a correction of an associated vertical deviation (hyper- or hypotropia), or a Harada–Ito procedure or another procedure to rotate the eye inwards, or yet another procedure to rotate it outwards.
Panting, coughing, or difficulty breathing. Pale gums or mucus. Distended abdomen or bloated appearance. Fainting or collapse. After diagnosing a heart murmur, your vet will likely recommend ...
Heterophoria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position, when not performing binocular fusion, are not the same as each other, or, "not straight". This condition can be esophoria, where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion; exophoria, in which they diverge; or hyperphoria, in which ...
Symptoms. Clinical signs for CM include behavioural signs of pain- vocalization, head scratching/rubbing, reduced activity, reduced stairs / jumping ability, spinal pain, altered emotional state (behavioural change to more timid, anxious or aggressive), sleep disturbance and touch aversion.
The symptoms of PSS in dogs can vary widely, often depending on the severity and type of shunt. Some dogs may display only mild signs, while others can have severe clinical symptoms. Key symptoms ...
Where appropriate, prismatic correction can be used, either temporarily or permanently, to relieve symptoms of double vision. In specific cases, and primarily in adult patients, botulinum toxin can be used either as a permanent therapeutic approach, or as a temporary measure to prevent contracture of muscles prior to surgery