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PRISM is a code name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies. [1] [2] [3] The program is also known by the SIGAD US-984XN. [4] [5] PRISM collects stored internet communications based on demands made to internet companies such as Google LLC ...
The Heckman correction is a two-step M-estimator where the covariance matrix generated by OLS estimation of the second stage is inconsistent. [7] Correct standard errors and other statistics can be generated from an asymptotic approximation or by resampling, such as through a bootstrap. [8]
It placed the cost of the war operations in Iraq as of January 1, 2014, at $815 billion out of the total $1.6 trillion approved by Congress since September 2001. [9] Joseph Stiglitz, former chief economist of the World Bank and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, and Linda Bilmes, a Harvard University professor and former official at the U ...
In thermodynamics, the Volume Correction Factor (VCF), also known as Correction for the effect of Temperature on Liquid (CTL), is a standardized computed factor used to correct for the thermal expansion of fluids, primarily, liquid hydrocarbons at various temperatures and densities. [1] [2] It is typically a number between 0 and 2, rounded to ...
K correction converts measurements of astronomical objects into their respective rest frames. The correction acts on that object's observed magnitude (or equivalently, its flux ). Because astronomical observations often measure through a single filter or bandpass, observers only measure a fraction of the total spectrum, redshifted into the ...
The Director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation ( CAPE) is a principal staff assistant and advisor to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The postholder, as chartered under United States Department of Defense Directive 5141.1 in 1996 (subsequently superseded and canceled with the ...
Decay correction is one way of working out what the radioactivity would have been at the time it was taken, rather than at the time it was tested. For example, the isotope copper-64, commonly used in medical research, has a half-life of 12.7 hours. If you inject a large group of animals at "time zero", but measure the radioactivity in their ...
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart [4] [5] that illustrates a project schedule. [6] This chart lists the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis, and time intervals on the horizontal axis. [4] [7] The width of the horizontal bars in the graph shows the duration of each activity. [7] [8] Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of ...