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Correction of refractive errors by glasses; Prism therapy (if tolerated, to manage diplopia) Vision Therapy; Patching (mainly to manage amblyopia in children and diplopia in adults) Botulinum toxin injection; Surgical correction; Surgical correction of the hypertropia is desired to achieve binocularity, manage diplopia and/or correct the ...
The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]
Intra-ocular pressure ISNT: Inferior, Superior, Nasal, Temporal rule used to assess optic disc appearance K: Keratometry OS oculus sinister (left eye) LHyperT or LHT: Left hypertropia LHypoT: Left hypotropia LO: Lenticular opacity L/R FD: L/R fixation disparity L/R: L hyperphoria Left ET: Left esotropia LVA: Low vision aid MDU: Mallett distance ...
Esotropia (eyes crossed); exotropia (eyes diverge); hypertropia (eyes vertically misaligned) Causes: Muscle dysfunction, farsightedness, problems in the brain, trauma, infections: Risk factors: Premature birth, cerebral palsy, family history: Diagnostic method: Observing light reflected from the pupil: Differential diagnosis
The threshold of hearing is generally reported in reference to the RMS sound pressure of 20 micropascals, i.e. 0 dB SPL, corresponding to a sound intensity of 0.98 pW/m 2 at 1 atmosphere and 25 °C. It is approximately the quietest sound a young human with undamaged hearing can detect at 1,000 Hz.
Specialty. ENT surgery. Conductive hearing loss (CHL) occurs when there is a problem transferring sound waves anywhere along the pathway through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum), or middle ear ( ossicles ). If a conductive hearing loss occurs in conjunction with a sensorineural hearing loss, it is referred to as a mixed hearing loss.
Tympanometry is an acoustic evaluation of the condition of the middle ear eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the conduction bones by creating variations of air pressure in the ear canal. Tympanometry is an objective test of middle-ear function.
Auditory system. Anatomical terminology. [ edit on Wikidata] How sounds make their way from the source to the brain. The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. It includes both the sensory organs (the ears) and the auditory parts of the sensory system. [1]
Electrocochleography (abbreviated ECochG or ECOG) is a technique of recording electrical potentials generated in the inner ear and auditory nerve in response to sound stimulation, using an electrode placed in the ear canal or tympanic membrane.
HRTF filtering effect. A head-related transfer function (HRTF) is a response that characterizes how an ear receives a sound from a point in space. As sound strikes the listener, the size and shape of the head, ears, ear canal, density of the head, size and shape of nasal and oral cavities, all transform the sound and affect how it is perceived, boosting some frequencies and attenuating others.