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Ophthalmology. Esotropia is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a "cross-eyed" appearance. [1] It is the opposite of exotropia and usually involves more severe axis deviation than esophoria.
Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria. Cause. Causes include: Refractive errors; Divergence insufficiency; Convergence excess; this can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies.
Heterophoria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position, when not performing binocular fusion, are not the same as each other, or, "not straight". This condition can be esophoria, where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion; exophoria, in which they diverge; or hyperphoria, in which ...
- eso: esotropia - exo: exotropias - L/R: left hypertropia or right hypotropia - R/L: right hypertropia or left hypotropia Double Maddox rod test. The double Maddox rod test can also be used to assess torsion and measure cyclotropias. Double Maddox rod test with trial frames
Vergence control, and over-convergence associated with the extra accommodation required to overcome a hyperopic refractive error, play a role in the onset of accommodative esotropia. The classical explanation for the onset of accommodative esotropia is a compensation of far-sightedness by means of excessive accommodative convergence.
Because increased intracranial pressure can cause both papilledema and a sixth (abducens) nerve palsy, papilledema can be differentiated from papillitis if esotropia and loss of abduction are also present. However, esotropia may also develop secondarily in an eye that has lost vision from papillitis.
Most often, the outcome is horizontal misalignment. Its direction depends on the person's age at which the damage occurs: people whose vision is lost or impaired at birth are more likely to develop esotropia, whereas people with acquired vision loss or impairment mostly develop exotropia.
Monofixation syndrome ( MFS) (also: microtropia or microstrabismus) is an eye condition defined by less-than-perfect binocular vision. [1] It is defined by a small angle deviation with suppression of the deviated eye and the presence of binocular peripheral fusion. [2] That is, MFS implies peripheral fusion without central fusion.
Maddox wing. The Maddox Wing is an instrument utilized by ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists in the measurement of strabismus (misalignment of the eyes; commonly referred to as a squint or lazy eye by the lay person). It is a quantitative and subjective method of measuring the size of a strabismic deviation by dissociation of the ...
Clinically Infantile esotropia must be distinguished from: VIth Cranial nerve or abducens palsy; Nystagmus Blockage Syndrome; Esotropia arising secondary to central nervous system abnormalities (in cerebral palsy for example) Primary Constant esotropia; Duane's Syndrome; Treatment