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Diabetic retinopathy (also known as diabetic eye disease), is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes. It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Diabetic retinopathy affects up to 80 percent of those who have had both type 1 and type 2 diabetes for 20 years or more.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and unexplained weight loss.
Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) two hours after a 75 gram oral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test (OGTT) Symptoms of high blood sugar and plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) either while fasting or not fasting. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1C) ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 DCCT %).
Diabetic papillopathy (also known as diabetic papillitis) is an ocular complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by optic disc swelling and edema of optic nerve head. The condition may affect both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients.
It is commonly associated with diabetes. Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell. Age-related macular degeneration may cause macular edema.
Symptoms: Noninsulin-dependent diabetes, deafness, may also have systemic symptoms including eye, muscle, brain, kidney, heart, and gastrointestinal abnormalities, rarely endocrine abnormalities and osteoporosis: Causes: Mutation in either MT-TL1, MT-TE, or MT-TK: Differential diagnosis: Mitochondrial disease
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