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Prism dioptres. Prism correction is commonly specified in prism dioptres, a unit of angular measurement that is loosely related to the dioptre. Prism dioptres are represented by the Greek symbol delta (Δ) in superscript. A prism of power 1 Δ would produce 1 unit of displacement for an object held 100 units from the prism. [2]
Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria. Cause. Causes include: Refractive errors; Divergence insufficiency; Convergence excess; this can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies.
Hematuria or haematuria is defined as the presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine. "Gross hematuria" occurs when urine appears red, brown, or tea-colored due to the presence of blood. Hematuria may also be subtle and only detectable with a microscope or laboratory test.
Signs and symptoms. Hematuria (one of the symptoms of Nephritic syndrome. Historically, nephritic syndrome has been characterized by blood in the urine ( hematuria ), high blood pressure ( hypertension ), decreased urine output <400 ml/day ( oliguria ), red blood cell casts, pyuria, and mild to moderate proteinuria.
Systemic effects include increased loss of sodium, potassium, and water in the urine, secondary to the drug's effects on the renal tubules, where valuable components of filtered blood are re-absorbed in the kidney. Arterial blood gases may show a mild hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Methazolamide is also a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
Ultrafiltration (kidney) Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney. In renal physiology, ultrafiltration occurs at the barrier between the blood and the filtrate in the glomerular capsule ( Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys. As in nonbiological examples of ultrafiltration, pressure (in this case blood pressure) and ...
The symptoms of hemorrhagic cystitis include pain or burning feeling while urinating, frequent need to urinate, loss of control of the bladder, blood or blood clots in the urine, inability to urinate, and fever. Causes. Causes of hemorrhagic cystitis include chemotherapy (e.g. cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide), radiation, or infection. Ifosfamide ...
Retrograde ejaculation is a common side effect of medications, such as tamsulosin, that are used to relax the muscles of the urinary tract, treating conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. By relaxing the bladder sphincter muscle, the likelihood of retrograde ejaculation is increased.
A urinary tract infection ( UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. [1] Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder (cystitis) or urethra ( urethritis) while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney ( pyelonephritis ). [10] Symptoms from a lower urinary tract infection include suprapubic pain, painful ...
Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation ( PTNS ), also referred to as posterior tibial nerve stimulation, is the least invasive form of neuromodulation used to treat overactive bladder (OAB) and the associated symptoms of urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence. These urinary symptoms may also occur with interstitial cystitis and ...