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  2. Fresnel lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens

    In some lenses, the curved surfaces are replaced with flat surfaces, with a different angle in each section. Such a lens can be regarded as an array of prisms arranged in a circular fashion with steeper prisms on the edges and a flat or slightly convex center. In the first (and largest) Fresnel lenses, each section was actually a separate prism.

  3. Dispersive prism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersive_prism

    A ray trace through a prism with apex angle α. Regions 0, 1, and 2 have indices of refraction, , and , and primed angles ′ indicate the ray's angle after refraction.. Ray angle deviation and dispersion through a prism can be determined by tracing a sample ray through the element and using Snell's law at each interface.

  4. Dioptre - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptre

    Illustration of the relationship between optical power in dioptres and focal length in metres. A dioptre (British spelling) or diopter (American spelling), symbol dpt, is a unit of measurement with dimension of reciprocal length, equivalent to one reciprocal metre, 1 dpt = 1 m −1.

  5. Diffraction grating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating

    A very large reflecting diffraction grating An incandescent light bulb viewed through a diffractive effects filter. Diffraction grating. In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical grating with a periodic structure that diffracts light, or another type of electromagnetic radiation, into several beams traveling in different directions (i.e., different diffraction angles).

  6. Porro prism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porro_prism

    Porro prisms are most often used in pairs, forming a double Porro prism. A second prism rotated 90° with respect to the first, is placed such that light will traverse both prisms. The net effect of the prism system is a beam parallel to but displaced from its original direction, with the image rotated 180°.

  7. PRISM - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM

    PRISM is a code name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies ...

  8. Halo (optical phenomenon) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon)

    The crystals behave like prisms and mirrors, refracting and reflecting light between their faces, sending shafts of light in particular directions. Atmospheric optical phenomena like halos were part of weather lore, which was an empirical means of weather forecasting before meteorology was developed. They often do indicate that rain will fall ...

  9. Polarizer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizer

    The Sénarmont prism is air spaced, unlike the Wollaston and Rochon prisms. These prisms truly split the beam into two fully polarized beams with perpendicular polarizations. The Nomarski prism is a variant of the Wollaston prism, which is widely used in differential interference contrast microscopy .

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