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The problems of photographic lens design, creating a lens for a task that would cover a large, flat image plane, were well known even before the invention of photography: 23 due to the development of lenses to work with the focal plane of the camera obscura.
In optics, chromatic aberration ( CA ), also called chromatic distortion and spherochromatism, is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same point. [1] It is caused by dispersion: the refractive index of the lens elements varies with the wavelength of light. The refractive index of most transparent materials decreases with increasing ...
A camera lens is out-of-focus. Some users have been able to manipulate the lens back into place (see reference links below). To fix the problem, it is often necessary that the camera and optical assembly is disassembled, realigned and reassembled. A non-warranty repair at an authorized service center reportedly costs between US$79 to $250.
Perspective distortion. Simulation showing how adjusting the angle of view of a camera, while varying the camera's distance and keeping the object in frame, results in vastly differing images. At narrow angles and long distances, light rays are nearly parallel, resulting in a "flattened" image. At wide angles and short distances, objects appear ...
Lens flare on Borobudur stairs to enhance the sense of ascending. A lens flare is often deliberately used to invoke a sense of drama. A lens flare is also useful when added to an artificial or modified image composition because it adds a sense of realism, implying that the image is an un-edited original photograph of a "real life" scene.
194 × 245 mm (image area) 312.5 mm. 300 mm. For a 35mm camera with a diagonal of 43mm, the most commonly used normal lens is 50mm, but focal lengths between about 40 and 58mm are also considered normal. The 50mm focal length was chosen by Oskar Barnack, the creator of the Leica camera. [16] [17]
Photographic lens design. The design of photographic lenses for use in still or cine cameras is intended to produce a lens that yields the most acceptable rendition of the subject being photographed within a range of constraints that include cost, weight and materials.
Backscatter (photography) The backscatter of the camera's flash by motes of dust causes unfocused orb-shaped photographic artifacts. In photography, backscatter (also called near-camera reflection [1]) is an optical phenomenon resulting in typically circular artifacts on an image, due to the camera's flash being reflected from unfocused motes ...
Optical aberration. 1: Imaging by a lens with chromatic aberration. 2: A lens with less chromatic aberration. In optics, aberration is a property of optical systems, such as lenses, that causes light to be spread out over some region of space rather than focused to a point. [1]
A polarizing filter or polarising filter (see spelling differences) is a filter that is often placed in front of a camera lens in photography in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of lakes or the sea. Since reflections (and sky-light) tend to be at least partially linearly-polarized, a linear polarizer ...