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In statistics, Bessel's correction is the use of n − 1 instead of n in the formula for the sample variance and sample standard deviation, where n is the number of observations in a sample. This method corrects the bias in the estimation of the population variance.
Welch's t-test defines the statistic t by the following formula: t = Δ X ¯ s Δ X ¯ = X ¯ 1 − X ¯ 2 s X ¯ 1 2 + s X ¯ 2 2 {\displaystyle t={\frac {\Delta {\overline {X}}}{s_{\Delta {\bar {X}}}}}={\frac {{\overline {X}}_{1}-{\overline {X}}_{2}}{\sqrt {{s_{{\bar {X}}_{1}}^{2}}+{s_{{\bar {X}}_{2}}^{2}}}}}\,}
To determine an appropriate sample size n for estimating proportions, the equation below can be solved, where W represents the desired width of the confidence interval. The resulting sample size formula, is often applied with a conservative estimate of p (e.g., 0.5): = /
This depends on the sample size n, and is given as follows: c 4 ( n ) = 2 n − 1 Γ ( n 2 ) Γ ( n − 1 2 ) = 1 − 1 4 n − 7 32 n 2 − 19 128 n 3 + O ( n − 4 ) {\displaystyle c_{4}(n)={\sqrt {\frac {2}{n-1}}}{\frac {\Gamma \left({\frac {n}{2}}\right)}{\Gamma \left({\frac {n-1}{2}}\right)}}=1-{\frac {1}{4n}}-{\frac {7}{32n^{2}}}-{\frac ...
Fisher's exact test is a statistical significance test used in the analysis of contingency tables. [1] [2] [3] Although in practice it is employed when sample sizes are small, it is valid for all sample sizes. It is named after its inventor, Ronald Fisher, and is one of a class of exact tests, so called because the significance of the deviation ...
The effect of Yates's correction is to prevent overestimation of statistical significance for small data. This formula is chiefly used when at least one cell of the table has an expected count smaller than 5. Unfortunately, Yates's correction may tend to overcorrect.
When using Kish's design effect for unequal weights, you may use the following simplified formula for "Kish's Effective Sample Size": 162, 259 n eff = ( ∑ i = 1 n w i ) 2 ∑ i = 1 n w i 2 {\displaystyle n_{\text{eff}}={\frac {(\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i})^{2}}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i}^{2}}}}
To address such potential overfitting, AICc was developed: AICc is AIC with a correction for small sample sizes. The formula for AICc depends upon the statistical model. Assuming that the model is univariate, is linear in its parameters, and has normally-distributed residuals (conditional upon regressors), then the formula for AICc is as follows.
In sampling theory, the sampling fraction is the ratio of sample size to population size or, in the context of stratified sampling, the ratio of the sample size to the size of the stratum. The formula for the sampling fraction is =, where n is the sample size and N is the population size. A sampling fraction value close to 1 will occur if the ...
where n is the sample size and N is the population size and s xy is the covariance of x and y. An estimate accurate to O( n −2 ) is [3] var ( r ) = 1 n [ s y 2 m x 2 + m y 2 s x 2 m x 4 − 2 m y s x y m x 3 ] {\displaystyle \operatorname {var} (r)={\frac {1}{n}}\left[{\frac {s_{y}^{2}}{m_{x}^{2}}}+{\frac {m_{y}^{2}s_{x}^{2}}{m_{x}^{4 ...