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Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. [6] Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and unexplained weight loss. [3]
People who are affected with diabetes are referred to as diabetics. Many diabetics require an exogenous source of insulin to keep their blood sugar levels within a safe target range. [31] [32] [33] In 1916, Nicolae C. Paulescu (1869–1931) succeeded in developing an aqueous pancreatic extract that normalized a diabetic dog.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), formerly known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that originates when cells that make insulin (beta cells) are destroyed by the immune system. [ 5 ] Insulin is a hormone required for the cells to use blood sugar for energy and it helps regulate glucose levels in the bloodstream. [ 6 ]
Cellular uptake of glucose occurs in response to insulin signals, and glucose is subsequently broken down through glycolysis, lowering blood sugar levels. However, insulin resistance or low insulin levels seen in diabetes result in hyperglycemia, where glucose levels in the blood rise and glucose is not properly taken up by cells.
If the patient is conscious, the initial dose of sugar and water can be given by mouth. [182] Otherwise, they should receive glucose by intravenous or nasogastric tube. If seizures occur (and continue after glucose is given), rectal diazepam may be helpful. Blood sugar levels should be re-checked on two-hour intervals. [163]
Commonly, this includes alcohol intoxication but may also include low blood sugar, anorexia and advanced age. [2] [1] Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F) through thermoregulation. [2]
Intermittent fasting: Cycling between non- fasting and fasting as a method of calorie restriction. [16] Body for Life: A calorie-control diet, promoted as part of the 12-week Body for Life program. [17] Cookie diet: A calorie control diet in which low-fat cookies are eaten to quell hunger, often in place of a meal.
t. e. Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. [11] High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms itself. [1] It is, however, a major risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral ...