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  2. Interferometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry

    A method of establishing precise geodetic baselines, invented by Yrjö Väisälä, exploited the low coherence length of white light. Initially, white light was split in two, with the reference beam "folded", bouncing back-and-forth six times between a mirror pair spaced precisely 1 m apart.

  3. Binoculars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars

    Porro prism designs have the added benefit of folding the optical path so that the physical length of the binoculars is less than the focal length of the objective. Porro prism binoculars were made in such a way to erect an image in a relatively small space, thus binoculars using prisms started in this way.

  4. Dispersive prism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersive_prism

    Lamps as seen through a prism. In optics, a dispersive prism is an optical prism that is used to disperse light, that is, to separate light into its spectral components (the colors of the rainbow ). Different wavelengths (colors) of light will be deflected by the prism at different angles. [1] This is a result of the prism material's index of ...

  5. Splitting (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting_(psychology)

    Splitting (psychology) Splitting (also called binary thinking, black-and-white thinking, all-or-nothing thinking, or thinking in extremes) is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together the dichotomy of both perceived positive and negative qualities of something into a cohesive, realistic whole. It is a common defense mechanism [1 ...

  6. Wedge prism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_prism

    Wedge prism. The wedge prism is a prism with a shallow angle between its input and output surfaces. This angle is usually 3 degrees or less. Refraction at the surfaces causes the prism to deflect light by a fixed angle. When viewing a scene through such a prism, objects will appear to be offset by an amount that varies with their distance from ...

  7. Iceland spar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_spar

    Formation and composition. Iceland spar is a colourless, transparent variety of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). [3] It crystallizes in the trigonal system, typically forming rhombohedral crystals. [4] It has a Mohs hardness of 3 and exhibits double refraction, splitting a ray of light into two rays that travel at different speeds and directions.

  8. Cut glass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_glass

    Cut glass or cut-glass is a technique and a style of decorating glass. For some time the style has often been produced by other techniques such as the use of moulding, but the original technique of cutting glass on an abrasive wheel is still used in luxury products. On glassware vessels, the style typically consists of furrowed faces at angles ...

  9. Fresnel lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens

    In some lenses, the curved surfaces are replaced with flat surfaces, with a different angle in each section. Such a lens can be regarded as an array of prisms arranged in a circular fashion with steeper prisms on the edges and a flat or slightly convex center. In the first (and largest) Fresnel lenses, each section was actually a separate prism.