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A burning apparatus consisting of two biconvex lens. A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis.
A more accurate correction factor can be obtained using Knudsen correction. When using nitrogen gas for core plug measurements, the Klinkenberg correction is usually necessary due to the so-called Klinkenberg gas slippage effect. This takes place when the pore space approaches the mean free path of the gas
The Šidák correction is derived by assuming that the individual tests are independent. Let the significance threshold for each test be α 1 {\displaystyle \alpha _{1}} ; then the probability that at least one of the tests is significant under this threshold is (1 - the probability that none of them are significant).
The overall control function = + + (), where , , and , all non-negative, denote the coefficients for the proportional, integral, and derivative terms respectively (sometimes denoted P, I, and D).
The unit sphere S 2 in three-dimensional space R 3 is the set of points (x, y, z) such that x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Let N = (0, 0, 1) be the "north pole", and let M be the rest of the sphere. The plane z = 0 runs through the center of the sphere; the "equator" is the intersection of the sphere with this plane.
With respect to FWER control, the Bonferroni correction can be conservative if there are a large number of tests and/or the test statistics are positively correlated. [ 9 ] Multiple-testing corrections, including the Bonferroni procedure, increase the probability of Type II errors when null hypotheses are false, i.e., they reduce statistical ...
Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI unit Dimension Temperature gradient: No standard symbol K⋅m −1: ΘL −1: Thermal conduction rate, thermal current, thermal/heat flux, thermal power transfer
A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect unintentional all-zero messages.