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Learn about the shoulder joint, the main joint of the shoulder, and its surrounding structures, such as the rotator cuff, the clavicle, and the scapula. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate and hinge, but also has a high risk of dislocation.
The shoulder joint (or glenohumeral joint) is a ball-and-socket joint between the scapula and the humerus, the most mobile joint in the body. It has a loose capsule, a glenoid labrum, bursae, muscles, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels that support its movement and stability.
The shoulder girdle is the set of bones that connects the arm to the axial skeleton. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans, and the clavicle, scapula and coracoid in some animals. Learn about the anatomy, function and disorders of the shoulder girdle.
The capsule of the shoulder joint is the articular capsule that surrounds the joint and allows for its extreme freedom of movement. It can be damaged or loosened by injury, surgery, or chronic health conditions, causing adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder syndrome.
Learn about the structure and movement of the upper limb, also known as the upper extremity, in humans and other vertebrates. The upper limb consists of the shoulder girdle, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand, and is composed of bones, muscles, ligaments and nerves.
The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a flat bone that connects the humerus and clavicle and forms the back of the shoulder girdle. It has two surfaces, three borders, three angles, and three processes, and attaches to various muscles that move and stabilize the shoulder joint.
The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their tendons that stabilize the shoulder joint and allow for its range of motion. Learn about their structure, innervation, function and clinical significance, such as rotator cuff tears and their causes and treatments.
Shoulder arthritis is a clinical condition in which the joint that connects the ball of the arm bone (humeral head) to the shoulder blade socket (glenoid) has damaged or worn out cartilage. Normally the ends of the bone are covered with hyaline articular cartilage , a surface so smooth that the friction at the joint is less than that of an ice ...