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Prism dioptres. Prism correction is commonly specified in prism dioptres, a unit of angular measurement that is loosely related to the dioptre. Prism dioptres are represented by the Greek symbol delta (Δ) in superscript. A prism of power 1 Δ would produce 1 unit of displacement for an object held 100 units from the prism. [2]
In optics, Cauchy's transmission equation is an empirical relationship between the refractive index and wavelength of light for a particular transparent material. It is named for the mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who originally defined it in 1830 in his article "The refraction and reflection of light". [1]
Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law, the ibn-Sahl law, [1] and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.
A dioptre ( British spelling) or diopter ( American spelling ), symbol dpt, is a unit of measurement with dimension of reciprocal length, equivalent to one reciprocal metre, 1 dpt = 1 m−1. It is normally used to express the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is a physical quantity equal to the reciprocal of the focal length ...
Lorentz factor. where and v is the relative velocity between two inertial frames . For two frames at rest, γ = 1, and increases with relative velocity between the two inertial frames. As the relative velocity approaches the speed of light, γ → ∞. Time dilation (different times t and t' at the same position x in same inertial frame)
Fine structure. Interference fringes, showing fine structure (splitting) of a cooled deuterium source, viewed through a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. In atomic physics, the fine structure describes the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms due to electron spin and relativistic corrections to the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation.
Planck–Einstein equation and de Broglie wavelength relations. P = ( E/c, p) is the four-momentum, K = (ω/ c, k) is the four-wavevector, E = energy of particle. ω = 2π f is the angular frequency and frequency of the particle. ħ = h /2π are the Planck constants. c = speed of light. Schrödinger equation.
In astrophysics, the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff ( TOV) equation constrains the structure of a spherically symmetric body of isotropic material which is in static gravitational equilibrium, as modeled by general relativity. The equation [1] is. Here, is a radial coordinate, and and are the density and pressure, respectively, of the material ...