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Magnification. Given as the first number in a binocular description (e.g., 7 ×35, 10 ×50), magnification is the ratio of the focal length of the objective divided by the focal length of the eyepiece. This gives the magnifying power of binoculars (sometimes expressed as "diameters").
A Fresnel lens ( / ˈfreɪnɛl, - nəl / FRAY-nel, -nəl; / ˈfrɛnɛl, - əl / FREN-el, -əl; or / freɪˈnɛl / fray-NEL [1]) is a type of composite compact lens which reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections.
1 – Objective lens 2 – Schmidt-Pechan prism 3 – Eyepiece. A monocular is a compact refracting telescope used to magnify images of distant objects, typically using an optical prism to ensure an erect image, instead of using relay lenses like most telescopic sights.
Diagram of a single lens loupe. Three basic types of loupes exist: Simple lenses, generally used for low-magnification designs because of high optical aberration. Compound lenses, generally used for higher magnifications to control optical aberration. Prismatic, multiple lenses with prisms. [2]
Like Hero, Claudius Ptolemy in his second-century Optics considered the visual rays as proceeding from the eye to the object seen, but, unlike Hero, considered that the visual rays were not discrete lines, but formed a continuous cone. Optics documents Ptolemy's studies of reflection and refraction. [7]
Prism spectacles with a single prism perform a relative displacement of the two eyes, thereby correcting eso-, exo, hyper- or hypotropia. In contrast, spectacles with prisms of equal power for both eyes, called yoked prisms (also: conjugate prisms, ambient lenses or performance glasses) shift the visual field of both eyes to the same extent.