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Heterophoria is the misalignment of the visual axis such that one or both eyes are not properly fixated to an object of interest. When the visual axis is misaligned in such a way, it is corrected by the fusional vergence system.
Prism dioptres. Prism correction is commonly specified in prism dioptres, a unit of angular measurement that is loosely related to the dioptre. Prism dioptres are represented by the Greek symbol delta (Δ) in superscript. A prism of power 1 Δ would produce 1 unit of displacement for an object held 100 units from the prism. [2]
Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria .
Exophoria. Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward. [1] During examination, when the eyes are dissociated, the visual axes will appear to diverge away from one another. [2] The axis deviation in exophoria is usually mild compared with that of exotropia .
The Maddox Wing measures the size of heterophorias (latent deviations) and small heterotropias (manifest deviations) at near when normal retinal correspondence (NRC) is present. It is especially helpful when patients present with symptoms of diplopia (double vision) with no apparent cause. [1]
It can be used to establish whether a patient has the ability for the eyes to fuse the light that is received from each eye into 4 lights. The test is indicated with the use of a presence of a prism in individuals with a strabismus and fusion is considered present if 4 lights are maintained, with or without the use of a prism.
Ophthalmology. Esotropia is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a "cross-eyed" appearance. [1] It is the opposite of exotropia and usually involves more severe axis deviation than esophoria.
A few aesthetic anterior problems, such as dental caries, tooth fracture, [2] enamel defects [3] and diastemas, can be solved with composite restorations. Composite restorations can also improve dental aesthetics by changing the shape, color, length and alignment of teeth.
Monofixation syndrome ( MFS) (also: microtropia or microstrabismus) is an eye condition defined by less-than-perfect binocular vision. [1] It is defined by a small angle deviation with suppression of the deviated eye and the presence of binocular peripheral fusion. [2] That is, MFS implies peripheral fusion without central fusion.
Duane syndrome is a congenital rare type of strabismus most commonly characterized by the inability of the eye to move outward. The syndrome was first described by ophthalmologists Jakob Stilling (1887) and Siegmund Türk (1896), and subsequently named after Alexander Duane, who discussed the disorder in more detail in 1905. [2] Other names for ...