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Temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD, TMJD) is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of the muscles of mastication (the muscles that move the jaw) and the temporomandibular joints (the joints which connect the mandible to the skull). The most important feature is pain, followed by restricted ...
An estimated 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders engage in self-harm at some point, including eye-poking, skin-picking, hand-biting, and head-banging. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] According to a meta-analysis that did not distinguish between suicidal and non-suicidal acts, self-harm is common among those with schizophrenia and is a significant ...
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular junction disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. [1] The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. [1][5] It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, and difficulties in talking and walking. [1]
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts (an obsession) and feels the need to perform certain routines (compulsions) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function. [1][2][7] Obsessions are persistent ...
Arms and hands of a 50-year-old man, showing large tophi of sodium urate affecting the elbow, knuckles, and finger joints. The crystallization of uric acid, often related to relatively high levels in the blood, is the underlying cause of gout. This can occur because of diet, genetic predisposition, or underexcretion of urate, the salts of uric ...
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease [7] that is mostly inherited. [8] The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental/psychiatric abilities. [9][1] A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow. [2] It is also a basal ganglia disease ...
Frequency. 1 in 5,000 [1] Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of 13 genetic connective-tissue disorders. [7] Symptoms often include loose joints, joint pain, stretchy velvety skin, and abnormal scar formation. [1] These may be noticed at birth or in early childhood. [3]
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mild-to-moderate intellectual disability. [1] The average IQ in males with FXS is under 55, while about two thirds of affected females are intellectually disabled. [3][4] Physical features may include a long and narrow face, large ears, flexible fingers, and ...