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In all, about 164,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies between 1788 and 1868 onboard 806 ships. Convicts were made up of English and Welsh (70%), Irish (24%), Scottish (5%), and the remaining 1% from the British outposts in India and Canada, Maoris from New Zealand, Chinese from Hong Kong, and slaves from the Caribbean.
The Founders of Australia: a Biographical Dictionary of the First Fleet. Sydney: Library of Australian History. ISBN 978-0908120697. Hill, David (2008). 1788: the brutal truth of the First Fleet: the biggest single migration the world had ever seen. North Sydney: Heinemann. ISBN 9781741667974. Lewis, Wendy; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John (2011).
Clipper route. The clipper route, followed by ships sailing between Europe and Australia or New Zealand. In the Age of Sail, the Brouwer Route reduced the time of a voyage from The Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies from almost 12 months to about six months. The clipper route was derived from the Brouwer Route and was sailed by clipper ships ...
Ten Pound Poms. The Orient Line ship Orontes in Tilbury Docks circa 1957 shortly before sailing for Sydney carrying (mainly) migrants on the assisted passage scheme. Ten Pound Poms were British citizens who migrated to Australia and New Zealand after the Second World War. The Government of Australia initiated the Assisted Passage Migration ...
Gilburri (1814–1902), Irish Fenian, transported to New South Wales in 1838 for desertion. Thomas McCarthy Fennell (1841–1914), Irish Fenian, transported to Western Australia in 1868 for treason. William Field (1774–1837), English businessman, transported to New for receiving stolen goods.
The maritime European exploration of Australia consisted of several waves of European seafarers who sailed the edges of the Australian continent. Dutch navigators were the first Europeans known to have explored and mapped the Australian coastline. The first documented encounter was that of Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, in 1606.
South Australia was founded as a "free province"—it was never a penal colony. Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts. A campaign by the settlers of New South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived in 1848.
The ship's log recorded that land was sighted at 6 a.m. on Thursday 19 April 1770. Cook's log used the nautical date, which, during the 18th century, assigned the same date to all ship's events from noon to noon, first p.m. and then a.m. That nautical date began twelve hours before the midnight beginning of the like-named civil date.
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