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  2. Prism cover test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_Cover_Test

    The prism cover test ( PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]

  3. Sixth nerve palsy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_nerve_palsy

    Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve ), which is responsible for causing contraction of the lateral rectus muscle to abduct (i.e., turn out) the eye. [1] The inability of an eye to turn outward, results in a convergent strabismus or esotropia of which the ...

  4. Maddox rod - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddox_rod

    The Maddox rod test can be used to subjectively detect and measure a latent, manifest, horizontal or vertical strabismus for near and distance. The test is based on the principle of diplopic projection. [1] Dissociation of the deviation is brought about by presenting a red line image to one eye and a white light to the other, while prisms are ...

  5. Diplopia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplopia

    Surgery or special glasses (prisms) may be advised if there is no recovery in 6 to 12 months. If diplopia turns out to be intractable, it can be managed as last resort by obscuring part of the patient's field of view.

  6. Esotropia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotropia

    Esotropia is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a "cross-eyed" appearance. [1] It is the opposite of exotropia and usually involves more severe axis deviation than esophoria. Esotropia is sometimes erroneously called ...

  7. Esophoria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophoria

    Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria. Cause. Causes include: Refractive errors; Divergence insufficiency; Convergence excess; this can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies.

  8. Prism correction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_correction

    Prism dioptres. Prism correction is commonly specified in prism dioptres, a unit of angular measurement that is loosely related to the dioptre. Prism dioptres are represented by the Greek symbol delta (Δ) in superscript. A prism of power 1 Δ would produce 1 unit of displacement for an object held 100 units from the prism. [2]

  9. Ross procedure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_procedure

    The Ross procedure, also known as pulmonary autograft, is a heart valve replacement operation to treat severe aortic valve disease, such as in children and young adults with a bicuspid aortic valve. [1] It involves removing the diseased aortic valve, situated at the exit of the left side of the heart (where the aorta begins), and replacing it ...

  10. Arterial switch operation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_switch_operation

    Arterial switch operation (ASO) or arterial switch, is an open heart surgical procedure used to correct dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA).. Its development was pioneered by Canadian cardiac surgeon William Mustard and it was named for Brazilian cardiac surgeon Adib Jatene, who was the first to use it successfully.

  11. Worth 4 dot test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worth_4_dot_test

    assess degree of binocular vision. The Worth Four Light Test, also known as the Worth's four dot test or W4LT, is a clinical test mainly used for assessing a patient's degree of binocular vision and binocular single vision. Binocular vision involves an image being projected by each eye simultaneously into an area in space and being fused into a ...