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The van der Pauw Method is a technique commonly used to measure the resistivity and the Hall coefficient of a sample. Its strength lies in its ability to accurately measure the properties of a sample of any arbitrary shape, as long as the sample is approximately two-dimensional (i.e. it is much thinner than it is wide), solid (no holes), and the electrodes are placed on its perimeter.
The quadratic formula is exactly correct when performed using the idealized arithmetic of real numbers, but when approximate arithmetic is used instead, for example pen-and-paper arithmetic carried out to a fixed number of decimal places or the floating-point binary arithmetic available on computers, the limitations of the number representation ...
The simple Bonferroni correction rejects only null hypotheses with p-value less than or equal to , in order to ensure that the FWER, i.e., the risk of rejecting one or more true null hypotheses (i.e., of committing one or more type I errors) is at most . The cost of this protection against type I errors is an increased risk of failing to reject ...
A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect unintentional all-zero messages.
If the complexity index is positive, select the formula from table 2 for positive complexity index, and compute the integral value as a series expansion with this formula for all possible choices of the free summation indices. Select the lowest complexity index, convergent series expansion, adding series that converge in the same region.
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The formula does not consider the internal shell structure of the nucleus. The semi-empirical mass formula therefore provides a good fit to heavier nuclei, and a poor fit to very light nuclei, especially 4 He. For light nuclei, it is usually better to use a model that takes this shell structure into account.
Seismic data is sorted by common midpoint and then corrected for normal moveout. In reflection seismology, normal moveout (NMO) describes the effect that the distance between a seismic source and a receiver (the offset) has on the arrival time of a reflection in the form of an increase of time with offset. [1]