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Michael's successors ruled the Byzantine Empire at its weakest point in history, and much of the Palaiologan period was a time of political and economic decline, partly due to external enemies such as the Bulgarians, Serbs and Ottoman Turks, and partly due to frequent civil wars between members of the Palaiologos family. By the beginning of the ...
Flag Primary colours Secondary colours Primary Secondary Further information Austria-Hungary: Black and gold Red, white and green Flags of Austria-Hungary Black and gold were the colours of the ruling Habsburg monarchy: Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) Red, blue and orange White Byzantine Empire: Red, gold and purple Byzantine flags and insignia: China
Justinian I (/ dʒ ʌ ˈ s t ɪ n i ə n / just-IN-ee-ən; Latin: Iūstīniānus, Classical Latin pronunciation: [juːstiːniˈaːnʊs]; Greek: Ἰουστινιανός, translit. Ioustinianós, Byzantine Greek pronunciation: [i.ustini.aˈnos]; 482 – 14 November 565), [b] also known as Justinian the Great, [c] was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.
The Republic of Venice, [a] traditionally known as La Serenissima, [b] was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 by Paolo Lucio Anafesto, over the course of its 1,100 years of history it established itself as one of the major European commercial and naval powers.
The First Bulgarian Empire (Church Slavonic: блъгарьско цѣсарьствиѥ, romanized: blŭgarĭsko tsěsarǐstvije; Bulgarian: Първо българско царство) was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by ...
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (lit. 'Great State' in Kipchak Turkic), [8] was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. [9] With the division of the Mongol Empire after 1259, it became a functionally separate khanate.
The Volga trade route (red), the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks" (purple) and other trade routes of the 8th–11th centuries (orange) The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. [85]
Diocletian (/ ˌdaɪ.əˈkliːʃən / DYE-ə-KLEE-shən; Latin: Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus; Ancient Greek: Διοκλητιανός, romanized: Diokletianós; 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed Jovius, was Roman emperor from 286 until his abdication in 305. He was born Diocles to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia.