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Hypertropia is a condition of misalignment of the eyes ( strabismus ), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye. Hypotropia is the similar condition, focus being on the eye with the visual axis lower than the fellow fixating eye. Dissociated vertical deviation is a special type of hypertropia leading to slow ...
The prism cover test ( PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]
Heterophoria is the misalignment of the visual axis such that one or both eyes are not properly fixated to an object of interest. When the visual axis is misaligned in such a way, it is corrected by the fusional vergence system. Diagnosis. The cross-cover test, or alternating cover test is usually employed to detect heterophoria.
Far-sightedness, also known as long-sightedness, hypermetropia, and hyperopia, is a condition of the eye where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred. This blur is due to incoming light being focused behind, instead of on, the retina due to insufficient accommodation by the lens. [6]
Purpose. whether a person has strabismus. In the fields of optometry and ophthalmology, the Hirschberg test, also Hirschberg corneal reflex test, is a screening test that can be used to assess whether a person has strabismus (ocular misalignment). A photographic version of the Hirschberg is used to quantify strabismus. [1]
In the inner ear, stereocilia are the mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous types of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance. They are about 10–50 micrometers in length and share some similar features of microvilli. [1] The hair cells turn the fluid pressure and other ...
Otoplasty ( Greek: οὖς, oûs, "ear" + πλάσσειν, plássein, "to shape") is a procedure for correcting the deformities and defects of the auricle ( external ear ), whether these defects are congenital conditions (e.g. microtia, anotia, etc.) or caused by trauma. [1] Otoplastic surgeons may reshape, move, or augment the cartilaginous ...
How sounds make their way from the source to your brain. Hair cells are the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates, and in the lateral line organ of fishes. Through mechanotransduction, hair cells detect movement in their environment. [1]
Endolymph is the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The major cation in endolymph is potassium, with the values of sodium and potassium concentration in the endolymph being 0.91 mM and 154 mM, respectively. [1] It is also called Scarpa's fluid, after Antonio Scarpa. [2]
Neurology, ophthalmology, optometry. Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in some cases) [1] eye movement. [2] People can be born with it but more commonly acquire it in infancy or later in life. In many cases it may result in reduced or limited vision. [3]