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  2. History of the single-lens reflex camera - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_single-lens...

    It featured interchangeable prisms and focusing screens; the camera had a depth-of-field preview button; the mirror had lock-up capability; it featured a large bayonet mount and a large lens release button; a single-stroke ratcheted film advance lever; a titanium-foil focal plane shutter; various types of flash synchronization; a rapid rewind ...

  3. Fresnel lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens

    A Fresnel lens ( / ˈfreɪnɛl, - nəl / FRAY-nel, -⁠nəl; / ˈfrɛnɛl, - əl / FREN-el, -⁠əl; or / freɪˈnɛl / fray-NEL [1]) is a type of composite compact lens which reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections.

  4. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    Since the Fresnel equations were developed for optics, they are usually given for non-magnetic materials. Dividing ( 4) by ( 5 )) yields. For non-magnetic media we can substitute the vacuum permeability μ0 for μ, so that that is, the admittances are simply proportional to the corresponding refractive indices.

  5. Fresnel rhomb - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_rhomb

    A Fresnel rhomb is an optical prism that introduces a 90° phase difference between two perpendicular components of polarization, by means of two total internal reflections. If the incident beam is linearly polarized at 45° to the plane of incidence and reflection, the emerging beam is circularly polarized, and vice versa.

  6. Brewster's angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster's_angle

    Entrance windows or prisms with their surfaces at the Brewster angle are commonly used in optics and laser physics in particular. The polarized laser light enters the prism at Brewster's angle without any reflective losses. In surface science, Brewster angle microscopes are used to image layers of particles or molecules at air-liquid interfaces ...

  7. Augustin-Jean Fresnel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel

    Augustin-Jean Fresnel [Note 1] (10 May 1788 – 14 July 1827) was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave theory of light, excluding any remnant of Newton 's corpuscular theory, from the late 1830s [3] until the end of the 19th century.

  8. Transfer-matrix method (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer-matrix_method...

    The transfer-matrix method is a method used in optics and acoustics to analyze the propagation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves through a stratified medium; a stack of thin films. [1] [2] This is, for example, relevant for the design of anti-reflective coatings and dielectric mirrors . The reflection of light from a single interface between ...

  9. Focusing screen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focusing_screen

    Focusing screen. A focusing screen is a flat translucent material, either a ground glass or Fresnel lens, found in a system camera that allows the user of the camera to preview the framed image in a viewfinder. Often, focusing screens are available in variants with different etched markings for various purposes. [1]

  10. Common-path interferometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-path_interferometer

    A common-path interferometer is a class of interferometers in which the reference beam and sample beams travel along the same path. Examples include the Sagnac interferometer, Zernike phase-contrast interferometer, and the point diffraction interferometer. A common-path interferometer is generally more robust to environmental vibrations than a ...

  11. Telecentric lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecentric_lens

    A telecentric lens is a special optical lens (often an objective lens or a camera lens) that has its entrance or exit pupil, or both, at infinity. The size of images produced by a telecentric lens is insensitive to either the distance between an object being imaged and the lens, or the distance between the image plane and the lens, or both, and ...