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  2. Color temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature

    Photographic emulsion film does not respond to lighting color identically to the human retina or visual perception. An object that appears to the observer to be white may turn out to be very blue or orange in a photograph. The color balance may need to be corrected during printing to achieve a neutral color print. The extent of this correction ...

  3. Barometric formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometric_formula

    Pressure as a function of the height above the sea level. There are two equations for computing pressure as a function of height. The first equation is applicable to the atmospheric layers in which the temperature is assumed to vary with altitude at a non null lapse rate of : = [,, ()] ′, The second equation is applicable to the atmospheric layers in which the temperature is assumed not to ...

  4. Wedge prism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_prism

    The wedge prism is a prism with a shallow angle between its input and output surfaces. This angle is usually 3 degrees or less. Refraction at the surfaces causes the prism to deflect light by a fixed angle. When viewing a scene through such a prism, objects will appear to be offset by an amount that varies with their distance from the prism.

  5. Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell–Boltzmann_statistics

    Equilibrium thermal distributions for particles with integer spin (bosons), half integer spin (fermions), and classical (spinless) particles. Average occupancy is shown versus energy relative to the system chemical potential , where is the system temperature, and is the Boltzmann constant.

  6. Equation of time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time

    Animation showing equation of time and analemma path over one year.. The United States Naval Observatory states "the Equation of Time is the difference apparent solar time minus mean solar time", i.e. if the sun is ahead of the clock the sign is positive, and if the clock is ahead of the sun the sign is negative.

  7. Sunrise equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_equation

    In the equation given at the beginning, the cosine function on the left side gives results in the range [-1, 1], but the value of the expression on the right side is in the range [,].

  8. Semi-empirical mass formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-empirical_mass_formula

    In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) (sometimes also called the Weizsäcker formula, Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons.

  9. Absolute magnitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitude

    In astronomy, absolute magnitude (M) is a measure of the luminosity of a celestial object on an inverse logarithmic astronomical magnitude scale. An object's absolute magnitude is defined to be equal to the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were viewed from a distance of exactly 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years), without extinction (or dimming) of its light due to absorption by ...