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Thus a prism of 1 Δ would produce 1 cm visible displacement at 100 cm, or 1 meter. This can be represented mathematically as: = where is the amount of prism correction in prism dioptres, and is the angle of deviation of the light.
The equation that they developed is as follows: K − 1 = A ε HG − [ H ] 0 − [ G ] 0 + C H C G A ε HG {\displaystyle K^{-1}={\frac {A}{\varepsilon _{\ce {HG}}}}-[{\ce {H}}]_{0}-[{\ce {G}}]_{0}+{\frac {C_{\ce {H}}C_{\ce {G}}}{A}}\varepsilon _{\ce {HG}}}
EC 50 represents the dose or plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect in vivo. [1] IC 50 can be determined with functional assays or with competition binding assays. Sometimes, IC 50 values are converted to the pIC50 scale.
Introduction to the concept. Quantum tunnelling falls under the domain of quantum mechanics. To understand the phenomenon, particles attempting to travel across a potential barrier can be compared to a ball trying to roll over a hill. Quantum mechanics and classical mechanics differ in their treatment of this scenario.
In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system in terms of a simpler one. The idea is to start with a simple system for which a mathematical solution is known, and add an additional "perturbing" Hamiltonian representing a weak ...
The result for two conducting spheres in a solvent is the formula of Marcus G = ( 1 2 r 1 + 1 2 r 2 − 1 R ) ⋅ ( 1 ϵ opt − 1 ϵ s ) ⋅ ( Δ e ) 2 {\displaystyle G=\left({\frac {1}{2r_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{2r_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{R}}\right)\cdot \left({\frac {1}{\epsilon _{\text{opt}}}}-{\frac {1}{\epsilon _{\text{s}}}}\right)\cdot (\Delta e)^{2}}
Unit cell with water molecules, used to simulate flowing water. Periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are a set of boundary conditions which are often chosen for approximating a large (infinite) system by using a small part called a unit cell. PBCs are often used in computer simulations and mathematical models. The topology of two-dimensional PBC ...
Surface plasmon resonance ( SPR) is a phenomenon that occurs where electrons in a thin metal sheet become excited by light that is directed to the sheet with a particular angle of incidence, and then travel parallel to the sheet. Assuming a constant light source wavelength and that the metal sheet is thin, the angle of incidence that triggers ...
This approach is also referred to as the Bennett-Chandler approach, which yields a dynamical correction to the standard transition state theory-based rate constant. It can be rewritten as: [2] k = κ k B T h e Δ S ‡ R e − Δ H ‡ R T {\displaystyle k={\frac {\kappa k_{\mathrm {B} }T}{h}}e^{\frac {\Delta S^{\ddagger }}{R}}e^{-{\frac ...
Chemical formula A (mPa·s) B (K) C (K −1) D (K −2) Temp. range (K) Water: H 2 O 1.856·10 −11: 4209 0.04527 −3.376·10 −5: 273–643 Ethanol: C 2 H 6 O 0.00201 1614 0.00618 −1.132·10 −5: 168–516 Benzene: C 6 H 6: 100.69 148.9 −0.02544 2.222·10 −5: 279–561 Cyclohexane: C 6 H 12: 0.01230 1380 −1.55·10 −3: 1.157·10 ...