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Surgical correction; Surgical correction of the hypertropia is desired to achieve binocularity, manage diplopia and/or correct the cosmetic defect. Steps to achieve the same depend on mechanism of the hypertropia and identification of the offending muscles causing the misalignment.
Penis reduction or penis reduction surgery refers to efforts or an assortment of techniques intended to decrease the girth or length of the human penis, especially when erect. The motive behind such a procedure can range from complications such as macropenis, genital lymphedema, or sex reassignment.
Peyronie's disease is a connective tissue disorder involving the growth of fibrous plaques in the soft tissue of the penis. Specifically, scar tissue forms in the tunica albuginea, the thick sheath of tissue surrounding the corpora cavernosa, causing pain, abnormal curvature, erectile dysfunction, indentation, loss of girth and shortening.
The suspensory ligament of the penis is a triangular midline structure anchoring the penis to the pubic symphysis, [1] holding the penis close to the pubic bone and supporting it during erection. [2] The ligament does not directly connect to the corpus cavernosum penis, but may still play a role in erectile dysfunction. [2]
A penile implant is an implanted device intended for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, ischemic priapism, deformity and any traumatic injury of the penis, and for phalloplasty or metoidioplasty, including in gender-affirming surgery. Men also opt for penile implants for aesthetic purposes.
Chordee is a condition in which the head of the penis curves downward or upward, at the junction of the head and shaft of the penis. The curvature is usually most obvious during erection, but resistance to straightening is often apparent in the flaccid state as well. In many cases but not all, chordee is associated with hypospadias.
Also, a downward bending of the penis, commonly referred to as chordee, may occur. [5] Chordee is found in 10% of distal hypospadias [3] and 50% of proximal hypospadias [6] cases at the time of surgery. Also, the scrotum may be higher than usual on either side of the penis (called penoscrotal transposition ).
Surgical penis enlargement methods include penile augmentation and suspensory ligament release. Penile augmentation involves injecting fat cells into the penis or grafting fat cells onto the penis. Injecting fat cells into the penis can cause swelling and deformity; in some instances, removal of the penis may be necessary.
Efforts must first be made to identify and treat the underlying cause of the problem. Treatment options include eye exercises, [2] wearing an eye patch on alternative eyes, [2] [24] prism correction, [26] [24] [27] and in more extreme situations, surgery [5] [28] or botulinum toxin. [29]
Intersex medical interventions ( IMI ), sometimes known as intersex genital mutilations ( IGM ), [1] are surgical, hormonal and other medical interventions performed to modify atypical or ambiguous genitalia and other sex characteristics, primarily for the purposes of making a person's appearance more typical and to reduce the likelihood of ...