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  2. Porphyry (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)

    The term porphyry is from the Ancient Greek πορφύρα (porphyra), meaning "purple". Purple was the colour of royalty, and the Roman "imperial porphyry" was a deep purple igneous rock with large crystals of plagioclase. Some authors claimed the rock was the hardest known in antiquity.

  3. Amethyst - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst

    Purple, violet, dark purple: Crystal habit: 6 sided prism ending in 6 sided pyramid (typical) Twinning: Dauphine law, Brazil law, and Japan law: Cleavage: None: Fracture: Conchoidal: Mohs scale hardness: 7 (lower in impure varieties) Luster: Vitreous/glassy: Streak: White: Diaphaneity: Transparent to translucent: Specific gravity: 2.65 constant ...

  4. Geode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geode

    Most geodes contain clear quartz crystals, while others have purple amethyst crystals. Still others can have agate, chalcedony , or jasper banding or crystals such as calcite , dolomite , celestite , etc.

  5. List of gemstones by species - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species

    This is a list of gemstones, organized by species and types. Minerals. There are over 300 types of minerals that have been used as gemstones. Such as:

  6. Sapphire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire

    It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors. Red corundum stones also occur, but are called rubies rather than sapphires. Pink-colored corundum may be classified either as ruby or sapphire depending on locale.

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  7. Topaz - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz

    Topaz is often treated with heat or radiation to make it a deep blue, reddish-orange, pale green, pink, or purple. Topaz is a nesosilicate mineral, and more specifically, an aluminosilicate mineral. It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals and has a relatively low index of refraction.

  8. Garnet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet

    The name Almandine is a corruption of Alabanda, a region in Asia Minor where these stones were cut in ancient times. Chemically, almandine is an iron-aluminium garnet with the formula Fe 3 Al 2 (SiO 4) 3; the deep red transparent stones are often called precious garnet and are used as gemstones (being the most common of the gem garnets).

  9. Tanzanite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite

    Present, dichroism or trichroism, depending on heat treatment. Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate ), caused by small amounts of vanadium. [3] Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a ...

  10. Puddingstone (rock) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddingstone_(rock)

    There are different types of puddingstone, with different composition, origin, and geographical distribution. Examples of different types of puddingstones include the Hertfordshire, Schunemunk, Roxbury, and St. Joseph Island (Drummond Island) puddingstones.

  11. Gemstones in the Bible - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstones_in_the_Bible

    The amethyst is a brilliant transparent stone of a purple colour and varies in shade from violet purple to rose. There are two kinds of amethysts: the oriental amethyst, a species of sapphire that is very hard (cf. Heb., hlm ), and when colourless is almost indistinguishable from the diamond .