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  2. DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

    Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include methylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. [119] These chemical changes alter the strength of the interaction between the DNA and the histones, making the DNA more or less accessible to transcription factors and changing the rate of transcription. [120]

  3. Bonferroni correction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni_correction

    With respect to FWER control, the Bonferroni correction can be conservative if there are a large number of tests and/or the test statistics are positively correlated. [ 9 ] Multiple-testing corrections, including the Bonferroni procedure, increase the probability of Type II errors when null hypotheses are false, i.e., they reduce statistical ...

  4. Lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens

    A burning apparatus consisting of two biconvex lens. A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis.

  5. Nicol prism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol_prism

    Nicol prism at the Mineralogical Collection "Luigi Bombicci Museum" of the University of Bologna, in Bologna Schematic representation of the propagation of light in a Nicol prism showing the splitting of unpolarized light into ordinary and extraordinary polarized rays. A Nicol prism is a type of polarizer.

  6. Standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

    This is known as Bessel's correction. [4] [5] Roughly, the reason for it is that the formula for the sample variance relies on computing differences of observations from the sample mean, and the sample mean itself was constructed to be as close as possible to the observations, so just dividing by n would underestimate the variability.

  7. Skeletal formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_formula

    The skeletal formula of the antidepressant drug escitalopram, featuring skeletal representations of heteroatoms, a triple bond, phenyl groups and stereochemistry. The skeletal formula, line-angle formula, bond-line formula or shorthand formula of an organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula that serves as a shorthand representation of a molecule's bonding and some details of ...

  8. Wedge prism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_prism

    The wedge prism is a prism with a shallow angle between its input and output surfaces. This angle is usually 3 degrees or less. Refraction at the surfaces causes the prism to deflect light by a fixed angle. When viewing a scene through such a prism, objects will appear to be offset by an amount that varies with their distance from the prism.

  9. Diffraction grating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating

    A very large reflecting diffraction grating An incandescent light bulb viewed through a diffractive effects filter. Diffraction grating. In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical grating with a periodic structure that diffracts light, or another type of electromagnetic radiation, into several beams traveling in different directions (i.e., different diffraction angles).