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A Nicol prism is a type of polarizer. It is an optical device made from calcite crystal used to convert ordinary light into plane polarized light . It is made in such a way that it eliminates one of the rays by total internal reflection , i.e. the ordinary ray is eliminated and only the extraordinary ray is transmitted through the prism .
bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity; gastric bypass is one of four types of operations for morbid obesity; laparoscopic surgery is equally effective and as safe as open surgery; patients should undergo comprehensive preoperative evaluation and have multi-disciplinary support for optimum outcome; Surgical techniques
Distraction osteogenesis ( DO ), also called callus distraction, callotasis and osteodistraction, is a process used in orthopedic surgery, podiatric surgery, and oral and maxillofacial surgery to repair skeletal deformities and in reconstructive surgery. [1] [2] The procedure involves cutting and slowly separating bone, allowing the bone ...
A prism sight or prismatic sight, sometimes also called prism scope or prismatic scope, is a type of telescopic sight which uses a reflective prism for its image-erecting system, instead of the series of relay lenses found in traditional telescopic sights. The use of prisms makes it possible to construct a shorter and lighter sight, or with an ...
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. An observational Hertzsprung–Russell diagram with 22,000 stars plotted from the Hipparcos Catalogue and 1,000 from the Gliese Catalogue of nearby stars. Stars tend to fall only into certain regions of the diagram. The most prominent is the diagonal, going from the upper-left (hot and bright) to the lower-right ...
Ellingham diagrams are a particular graphical form of the principle that the thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction depends on the sign of Δ G, the Gibbs free energy change, which is equal to Δ H − T Δ S, where Δ H is the enthalpy change and Δ S is the entropy change. The Ellingham diagram plots the Gibbs free energy change (Δ G) for ...
A lamp in an operating room. A surgical light – also referred to as an operating light or surgical lighthead – is a medical device intended to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure by illuminating a local area or cavity of the patient. A combination of several surgical lights is often referred to as a “surgical light system”.
Penguin diagram. Example of a penguin diagram superimposed on an image of a Gentoo penguin. In quantum field theory, penguin diagrams are a class of Feynman diagrams which are important for understanding CP violating processes in the standard model. They refer to one-loop processes in which a quark temporarily changes flavor (via a W or Z loop ...