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The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]
The prism fusion range (PFR) or fusional vergence amplitude is a clinical eye test performed by orthoptists, optometrists, and ophthalmologists to assess motor fusion, specifically the extent to which a patient can maintain binocular single vision in the presence of increasing vergence demands.
The Maddox rod test should be used in cases of: Small to moderate (i.e..<25pd) vertical deviations where there is simultaneous perception and normal retinal correspondence (NRC) Decompensated phorias. Acquired strabismus (rather than congenital or early onset) Method of assessment. The method of assessing near and distance fixation is similar.
The Four Prism Dioptre Reflex Test (also known as the 4 PRT, or 4 Prism Dioptre Base-out Test) is an objective, non-dissociative test used to prove the alignment of both eyes (i.e. the presence of binocular single vision) by assessing motor fusion.
Based on prism-FD curves (Fig. 3b), one can find the aligning prism sP 0 that nullifies the naturally prevailing fixation disparity sFD 0. This test procedure is typically made in near vision of 40 cm, e.g. with the Mallett-unit, the Disparometer, or the Wesson card (see above).
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Prism adaptation is a sensory-motor adaptation that occurs after the visual field has been artificially shifted laterally or vertically. It was first introduced by Hermann von Helmholtz in late 19th-century Germany as supportive evidence for his perceptual learning theory (Helmholtz, 1909/1962). [1]
The test is indicated with the use of a presence of a prism in individuals with a strabismus and fusion is considered present if 4 lights are maintained, with or without the use of a prism. The W4LT can also be indicated when aiding a person to develop and strengthen their fusional capacities.
Its prism has 2n vertices, 3n edges, and 2 + n faces. Take a polyhedron with V vertices, E edges, and F faces. Its prism has 2V vertices, 2E + V edges, 2F + E faces, and 2 + F cells. Take a polychoron with V vertices, E edges, F faces, and C cells. Its prism has 2V vertices, 2E + V edges, 2F + E faces, 2C + F cells, and 2 + C hypercells ...
Total station. A typical prism with back target. Used with survey and 3D point monitoring systems to measure changes in elevation and position of a point. A total station or total station theodolite is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction.
A cover test or cover-uncover test is an objective determination of the presence and amount of ocular deviation. It is typically performed by orthoptists, ophthalmologists and optometrists during eye examinations . The two primary types of cover tests are: the alternating cover test. the unilateral cover test (or the cover-uncover test).