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Probability theory. In probability theory and statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general form of its probability density function is The parameter is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode), while ...
The binomial distribution is frequently used to model the number of successes in a sample of size n drawn with replacement from a population of size N. If the sampling is carried out without replacement, the draws are not independent and so the resulting distribution is a hypergeometric distribution, not a binomial one.
Bootstrapping (statistics) Bootstrapping is a procedure for estimating the distribution of an estimator by resampling (often with replacement) one's data or a model estimated from the data. [1] Bootstrapping assigns measures of accuracy (bias, variance, confidence intervals, prediction error, etc.) to sample estimates. [2][3] This technique ...
Nonstandard analysis. v. t. e. In mathematics, the Taylor series or Taylor expansion of a function is an infinite sum of terms that are expressed in terms of the function's derivatives at a single point. For most common functions, the function and the sum of its Taylor series are equal near this point.
A simple chart for classifying the main star types using Harvard classification In astronomy , stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics. Electromagnetic radiation from the star is analyzed by splitting it with a prism or diffraction grating into a spectrum exhibiting the rainbow of colors ...
This follows from the spherical excess formula for a spherical polygon and the fact that the vertex figure of the polyhedron {p,q} is a regular q-gon. The solid angle of a face subtended from the center of a platonic solid is equal to the solid angle of a full sphere (4 π steradians) divided by the number of faces. This is equal to the angular ...
September 4, 2024 at 6:00 AM. Spencer Platt—Getty Images. A single metric never tells the whole story of where the market is going. That said, one famous variant of the price-to-earnings ratio ...
Optical correction using glasses or contact lenses is the most common treatment; other approaches include orthokeratology, and refractive surgery. [68]: 21–26 Medications (mostly atropine) and vision therapy can be effective in addressing the various forms of pseudomyopia. Compensating for myopia using a corrective lens