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Convergence insufficiency. Convergence Insufficiency. Other names. Convergence disorder. Specialty. Ophthalmology, optometry. Convergence insufficiency is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by a reduced ability of the eyes to turn towards each other, or sustain convergence .
Cause. Causes include: Refractive errors; Divergence insufficiency; Convergence excess; this can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies. Unlike esotropia, fusion is possible and therefore diplopia is uncommon. References
Specialty. Ophthalmology. Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward. It is the opposite of esotropia and usually involves more severe axis deviation than exophoria. People with exotropia often experience crossed diplopia. Intermittent exotropia is a fairly common condition. "Sensory exotropia" occurs in the presence ...
Secondary to Convergence insufficiency. Accommodative excess may occur secondary to convergence insufficiency also. In convergence insufficiency near point of convergence will recede, and positive fusional vergence (PFV) will reduce. So, the patient uses excessive accommodation to stimulate accommodative convergence to overcome reduced PFV.
Differential diagnosis. Convergence insufficiency. Accommodative insufficiency ( AI) involves the inability of the eye to focus properly on an object. Accommodation is the adjustment of the curvature of the lens to focus on objects near and far. In this condition, amplitude of accommodation of a person is lesser compared to physiological limits ...
Convergence insufficiency is a common problem with the eyes, and is the main culprit behind eyestrain, blurred vision, and headaches. [unreliable source?] This problem is most commonly found in children. Near point of convergence (NPC) is measured by bringing an object to the nose and observing when the patient sees double, or one eye deviates ...
Cause. Exophoria can be caused by several factors, which include: Refractive errors – distance and near deviation approximately equal. Divergence excess - exodeviation is more than 15 dioptres greater for distance than near deviation. Convergence insufficiency – near exodeviation greater than distance deviation.
A spasm of accommodation (also known as a ciliary spasm, an accommodation, or accommodative spasm) is a condition in which the ciliary muscle of the eye remains in a constant state of contraction. Normal accommodation allows the eye to "accommodate" for near-vision. However, in a state of perpetual contraction, the ciliary muscle cannot relax ...
Vergence-accommodation conflict ( VAC ), also known as accommodation-vergence conflict, is a visual phenomenon that occurs when the brain receives mismatching cues between vergence and accommodation of the eye. This commonly occurs in virtual reality devices, augmented reality devices, 3D movies, and other types of stereoscopic displays and ...
Heterophoria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position, when not performing binocular fusion, are not the same as each other, or, "not straight". This condition can be esophoria, where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion; exophoria, in which they diverge; or hyperphoria, in which ...