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Learn how Rutherford and his colleagues discovered the nucleus of the atom by measuring how alpha particles are scattered by a thin metal foil. Find out the history, the method, and the results of the landmark experiments that changed the understanding of atomic structure.
Isaac Newton was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. He published his findings in the Principia, which explained the Solar System's heliocentricity and the motion of objects on Earth and celestial bodies.
Zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have, even at absolute zero. It arises from the uncertainty principle and the vacuum fluctuations of matter and force fields, and has implications for cosmology, physics and chemistry.
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel device that uses liquid crystals and polarizers to modulate light. LCDs are widely used in various applications, such as TVs, computers, watches, and mobile phones.
Learn about the set of equations that form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, named after James Clerk Maxwell. The equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and changes of the fields, and how they propagate as electromagnetic waves.
The wave equation is a partial differential equation for describing waves or standing wave fields in various physical contexts. Learn how it is derived from Hooke's law or the string vibration, and how it can be solved with sinusoidal plane waves or boundary conditions.
Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon of a group of particles being generated, interacting, or sharing spatial proximity in such a way that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, including when the particles are separated by a large distance.
A Taylor series is an infinite sum of terms that are expressed in terms of the function's derivatives at a single point. Learn how to find the Taylor series of common functions, such as polynomials, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric, and how they relate to analytic functions and Zeno's paradox.