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The term "false flag" originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misrepresentation of someone's allegiance. [1] [2] The term was famously used to describe a ruse in naval warfare whereby a vessel flew the flag of a neutral or enemy country in order to hide its true identity. [1] [2] [3] The tactic was originally used ...
Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. [1] Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties may be suspended for as long as martial law continues.
The law of war is the component of international law that regulates the conditions for initiating war ( jus ad bellum) and the conduct of hostilities ( jus in bello ). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law.
The Constitution of Pakistan ( Urdu: آئینِ پاکستان ; ISO: Āīn-ē-Pākistān ), also known as the 1973 Constitution, is the supreme law of Pakistan. The document guides Pakistan's law, political culture, and system. It sets out the state's outline, the fundamental rights of the population, the state's law and orders, and also the ...
Lawfare is the use of legal systems and institutions to damage or delegitimize an opponent, or to deter an individual's usage of their legal rights. The term may refer to the use of legal systems and principles against an enemy, such as by damaging or delegitimizing them, wasting their time and money (e.g., strategic lawsuits against public participation), or winning a public relations victory.
Desertion is the abandonment of a military duty or post without permission (a pass, liberty or leave) and is done with the intention of not returning. This contrasts with unauthorized absence ( UA) or absence without leave ( AWOL / ˈeɪwɒl / ), which are temporary forms of absence.
Jirga. A jirga ( Pashto: جرګه, jərga) is an assembly of leaders that makes decisions by consensus according to Pashtunwali, the Pashtun social code. It is conducted in order to settle disputes among the Pashtuns, but also by members of other ethnic groups who are influenced by them in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Muhammad Ayub Khan [c] (14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974), widely known as Ayub Khan was a Pakistani army officer who served as the second president of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He previously served as the third Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1951 to 1958. Born in the North-West Frontier Province, Khan was educated from the Aligarh ...