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The law of war is the component of international law that regulates the conditions for initiating war ( jus ad bellum) and the conduct of hostilities ( jus in bello ). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law.
The term "false flag" originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misrepresentation of someone's allegiance. [1] [2] The term was famously used to describe a ruse in naval warfare whereby a vessel flew the flag of a neutral or enemy country in order to hide its true identity. [1] [2] [3] The tactic was originally used ...
Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. [1] Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties may be suspended for as long as martial law continues.
Lawfare is the use of legal systems and institutions to damage or delegitimize an opponent, or to deter an individual's usage of their legal rights. The term may refer to the use of legal systems and principles against an enemy, such as by damaging or delegitimizing them, wasting their time and money (e.g., strategic lawsuits against public participation), or winning a public relations victory.
The Constitution of Pakistan ( Urdu: آئینِ پاکستان ; ISO: Āīn-ē-Pākistān ), also known as the 1973 Constitution, is the supreme law of Pakistan. The document guides Pakistan's law, political culture, and system. It sets out the state's outline, the fundamental rights of the population, the state's law and orders, and also the ...
Usul al-Fiqh. In Islam, Taqiyya ( Arabic: تقیة, romanized : taqiyyah, lit. 'prudence') [1] [2] is a precautionary dissimulation or denial of religious belief and practice. [1] [3] [4] [5] Generally, taqiyya is the action of committing a sinful act (such as feigning unbelief) for a pious goal. [6] Hiding one's beliefs has been a feature of ...
International humanitarian law (IHL), also referred to as the laws of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of war (jus in bello). It is a branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants.
Jirga. A jirga ( Pashto: جرګه, jərga) is an assembly of leaders that makes decisions by consensus according to Pashtunwali, the Pashtun social code. It is conducted in order to settle disputes among the Pashtuns, but also by members of other ethnic groups who are influenced by them in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.